She pointed to lumber as an example of a product that was extremely hard to get for a while, but has become more plentiful in recent months, and the food supply chain likely will rebound in a similar fashion, although it may take time. Marcie Rivera, a spokesperson for Wegmans told the MetroWest Daily News in Framingham, Massachusetts, part of the USA TODAY Network, that suppliers around the world "are being faced with an array of challenges affecting their businesses, causing a domino effect on retailers and customers.". Along with labor and transportation shortages, pet owners are spending more timewith their pets which can lead to increased feeding and more treating. There simply arent enough people to make the goods, move the goods and sell the goods, says Jim Dudlicek, a representative for the National Grocers Association. [8] This is expected to further hurt prices in regional food markets, such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and South Sudan. Combine all this with continuing supply chain issues due to COVID, and you may have to start using other beans in your hummus recipe. Canned fruits and vegetables, peanut butter, beans and lentils, baby formula, pet food, and shelf-stable proteins and milk products are good choices. Further, the predicted decline in global crop production is 2% - 6% with each decade. [46], During a visit in Nigeria, the Secretary-General of the United Nations voiced concerns over the war exacerbating the crises of food, energy, and economies in Africa as a whole. As of February 11, 2023, 23 countries have implemented 29 food export bans, and ten have implemented 14 export-limiting measures. It's being called "Egg Armageddon," says Food Safety News, and it has to do with 2016 legislation that's taking effect on January 1, 2022. Get the best food tips and diet advice every single day, Now, you'll have the best and latest food and healthy eating news right in your inboxevery Aug 28, 2022, 6:00 PM. Updated: 1:40 PM CDT September 5, 2022. According to Wine Enthusiast, demand dropped for champagne dropped in 2020, and then rose again in 2021. And, more recently, the contamination of a CO2 reservoir caused by an extinct volcano (yes, you read that right) has exacerbated the issue. Taste of Home is America's #1 cooking magazine. It might be time to ditch the pastaand pastinaand move to rice recipes for a while. [89], Natural gas is a major feedstock for the production of ammonia, via the Haber process, for use in fertilizer production. On 23 July, Russia shelled the port of Odesa which had recently been unlocked. The shortages being reported nationwide are widespread, impacting produce and meat as well as packaged goods such as cereal. [13] The World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report 2023 described food supply crises as an ongoing global risk.[14]. On Wednesday, Tesco and Aldi joined them, each limiting purchases of peppers, cucumbers and tomatoes to three packs a person. (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=bd5526af-9c84-429a-baca-e1c4e1072ef9&cid=877050e7-52c9-4c33-a20b-d8301a08f96d'; cnxps.cmd.push(function () { cnxps({ playerId: "bd5526af-9c84-429a-baca-e1c4e1072ef9" }).render("7917806a0d7f4109a1cb2a4492c81a1a"); }); According to Reuters, Brazil recently diverted more sugarcane to ethanol production, rather than sugar, due to high energy prices. [122] Additionally, Iraq's water security is based on the declining TigrisEuphrates river system. In 2020 and 2021, empty shelves were due to spikes . Many USA TODAY readers said canned or wet cat food was one of the top items they have been struggling to find. That's up from 6.8% annually in November, which was also a nearly four-decade high. ET The world has grown somewhat accustomed to shortages of certain food items and other products since the COVID-19 pandemic began. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently issued a warning that food shortages are coming towards the end of 2022 and into 2023, WIBX950 reported. [98][6] The conflict has affected virtually all economies, however, the most affected economies are in Europe and Africa. 2023 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Satellite Information Network, LLC. If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. On 16 July, major news outlets reported that Kyiv is definitely a step closer to being able to export grain through its Black Sea ports after talks with Russia, facilitated by Turkey, and the United Nations. For months, parents have reported trouble finding Kraft Heinz' Lunchables. [169], On 14 September 2022, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres reiterated his concerns over a constrained fertilizer supply from Russia due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent economic sanctions. [151] Before that, China already maintained its food stockpiles at a "historically high level" in 2021, because of an ongoing trade war with the United States. [153][154][155], By the first half of the agricultural year 2022, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, China acquired 50% of the world supply of wheat, 60% of rice, and 69% of corn. People don't realize that 50% of the world's food relies on fertilizers. Shoppers should expect that specific items may be harder to get at certain times. She can usually be found researching global cuisines, at the farmers market, doing yoga, or looking up new places to travel to. According to Bloomberg, the current TikTok-famous vegetable may also be in danger. Much like taxes, grocery shortages have become an unpleasant certainty over the past several years. [159], On 18 May 2022, the US announced $215 million in development assistance to mitigate the crises. According to Parade, the recent invasion of Ukraine by Russia plays a role, with supply chains from Europe heavily disrupted. [160] This was in addition to $320 million for the Horn of Africa. [160], Germany is working on a proposal to phase out the use of biofuels produced from food crops by 2030. Before the invasion of Ukraine, 95% of the cooking oil in Bangladesh was imported from overseas. [127][128], In mid-2021, a severe drought in southern Madagascar caused hundreds of thousands of people to suffer from food insecurity. Sam Hendler, co-owner of Jacks Abby Craft Lagers in Framingham, Massachusetts, and president of the Massachusetts Brewers Guild, told MetroWest Daily News that the cost increases being felt by breweries are universal and a big topic among colleagues. Still, she doesnt think theres a reason for people to stockpile. More than 40% of California has been facing an "extreme drought," and one farmer shared with FOX Business that over the past couple of years, about 15% of his cropland for processing tomatoes has been plagued by these adverse conditions. Grocery Store Shortages . [165] Russia was accused of blocking crucial shipments of grains from Ukrainian ports but claims its exports are impacted by economic sanctions. Sept. 27, 202102:50. Depending on your relationship to the manager, they . Proportion of people experiencing shortages of food items has risen over the last year, ONS says. So, the frozen pizza aislesimilar to the beer aislemight look a little bare over the next month or so. [90] The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global population growth it has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. [136], During the 2022 food crises, India began taking steps to export more rice and wheat, in part to fill the gaps created by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. At the same time, significant floods and heatwaves in 2021 destroyed key crops in the Americas and Europe. Still, there are specific aisles feeling the strain right now. This can help ensure your pantry is packed but you wont prevent others in your community from getting enough food. Domestic food price inflation remains high around the world. Copied. The demand for can products accumulated for years according to a Quartz article. 6254a4d1642c605c54bf1cab17d50f1e. All Rights Reserved. According to Costco's website,some warehouses may have temporary item limits on select items. Of all the potential food shortages that may happen in 2023, a beef shortage may be the easiest to predict. The continuing shortage of aluminum and shipping issues have led to shortages in dog and cat food across the country, with several local papers reporting bare shelves at the pet stores. [36], Prior to the start of the demonstrations, preceding and during International Workers' Day on May 1, Iran preemptively detained 38 teachers[37] in order to stymie planned nationwide protests during National Teachers' Day on May 2. It might be time to switch to vegetarian dinners (sans the eggs) for a while to combat this food shortage. This is due to. +4.30 +1.63%. Believe it or not, carbon dioxide is also a core ingredient in the production of many frozen foods, including store-bought frozen pizza. The countries affected most are in Africa, North America, Latin America, South Asia, Europe, and Central Asia. [5][8] Even Global North countries that usually have secure food supplies, such as the UK and US, are beginning to experience the direct impacts of cost inflation due to food insecurity. ALDI is one of America's fastest growing retailers, serving millions of customers across the country each month. [70], Sri Lanka was much more harshly affected by the food crisis as it was already facing mass man-made crop failures due to a total ban on chemical fertilizer by President Gotabaya Rajapaksa resulting in rice production in Sri Lanka falling by 40-50% while other crops also suffered large losses with some even reaching 70% loss even before it was affected by the effects of the Russian crisis. But There's Still Reason to Be Hopeful", "Climate Change Threatens the World's Food Supply, United Nations Warns", "Europe's heat and drought crop losses tripled in 50 years: study", "Severity of drought and heatwave crop losses tripled over the last five decades in Europe", "Water scarcity predicted to worsen in more than 80% of croplands globally this century", "Global Agricultural Water Scarcity Assessment Incorporating Blue and Green Water Availability Under Future Climate Change", "Severe water shortages strain wheat harvest in Iraq", "Severe drought threatens 13 million with hunger in Horn of Africa", "Ethiopia's 'sophisticated campaign' to withhold food, fuel and other aid from Tigray", "Hunger-struck Africa needs liquidity, debt relief", "Somalia faces worst famine in half a century, UN warns", "Somalia on the brink of famine, caught between drought and Shabaab militia", "UN says 400,000 are approaching starvation in Madagascar amid back-to-back droughts", "Hope and hunger: Life at a crossroads in Madagascar's arid south", "Madagascar: 23 millions de dollars pour lutter contre la famine des enfants", "Why famine in Madagascar is an alarm bell for the planet", "Extreme winter drought devastates crops in Spain and Portugal", "Late frost ices over French vineyards, threatens fruit crops", "Italy declares state of emergency in drought-hit northern regions", "EXCLUSIVE India acts to seize gap in wheat export market left by Ukraine war", "The Extreme Heat Pummeling India and Pakistan Is About to Get Worse", "India offered to help fix the global food crisis. [118][119], Climate change in Iraq is leading to increasing water scarcity which will likely have serious implications for the country for years to come. [12] Some analysts described the price increases as the worst since the 20072008 world food price crisis. ", "There is no chicken tender shortage," said Tom Super, senior vice president of communications with the trade group. As the world reaches the two-year mark of the COVID-19 pandemic, more items are becoming scarce because of global supply chain disruptions such as congestion at ports and shortages of truck drivers and service workers. Australia and Mexico have also dealt with weather problems, including flooding, this year, hampering their own yields of the crop. [28] Both wildlife and livestock have been killed by the drought. [52][53] 17.4 million do not have enough food and malnutrition levels in Yemen are among the highest in the world. [152], Ethanol fuel makes up about 10% of motor vehicle gasoline produced and consumed in 2021, and around 40% of corn grown is used for ethanol fuel in the United States each year. A rise in fuel and transport prices further increased the complexity of distribution as food competed with other goods. Information from the latest month between October 2022 and January 2023 for which food price inflation data are available shows high inflation in almost all low- and middle-income countries, with inflation levels above 5% in 88.9% of low-income countries, 87.8% of lower-middle-income countries, and 93.0% of upper-middle-income countries and many experiencing double-digit inflation. According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, general inflation climbed to 6.17% by February 2022. [99] Ukraine accounted for 10% of global wheat exports. a proposed influx of grain from India), as of January 2023 no international efforts have been effective at alleviating prices. Specifically, champagne, wine and beer. Shipping woes and aluminum shortages have led to a scarcity problem for the pet food industry as stores throughout the country are unable to stock all their traditional brands and products. According to the GEOGLAM Crop Monitor for Early Warning February 2023 edition, a sixth consecutive season with poor rainfall performance in eastern East Africa is likely. [81] The shortages were expected to last several weeks, and in a YouGov poll, 61% of UK respondents said they had personally noticed or experienced food shortages in their local shop or supermarket during mid-to-late February. Grocery store shortages are back. Although some experts claim the U.S. will be largely unaffected, others have warned that the lack of food products could extend to the U.S. as well as the rest of the world. Here are a few foods which have recently been added to the endangered items list and could be hard to find as we brace for colder weather and the holiday season. [163] A 50% reduction in grain used for biofuels in the US and Europe would replace all of Ukraine's grain exports. Photographer: STEVEN SAPHORE/AFP. Going to the grocery store nowadays is much like preparing for battle. By. Know of more? As part of a comprehensive, global response to the food security crisis, in May 2022the World Bank announced that it is making up to $30 billion availableover a period of 15 months, including $12 billion in new projects. In 2022, this trend seems set to accelerate. [164], On 30 June 2022, Russia withdrew its troops from Snake Island in a so called "goodwill gesture" to not obstruct U.N. attempts to open a humanitarian corridor allowing grains to be shipped from Ukraine. Maize, wheat, and rice prices all closed within 1% of their levels two weeks ago. The Wall Street Journal broke the news of a baby formula shortage earlier this year, with brands like Enfamil, Similac and Gerber becoming harder to find. These shortages are impacting the movement of ingredients and finished products, the Pet Food Institute told USA TODAY. advice every day. Iranians are understandably angry", "Iran Protesters at Risk of Lethal State Violence", "Iran: Release Detained Teacher Activists", "A Statistical Look at the Situation of Iranian Workers over the Past Year", "As Bread Costs Skyrocket In Iran, So Does The Risk Of Social Unrest", "Nuclear talks: Iran's Raisi launches major economic reform", "Khuzestan Protests: Fears of Another Bloody Crackdown", " - ", "Iranian protesters in Kermanshah take down a banner of Khamenei", "Protests in Khuzestan; Iranian forces arrest 50 people - ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English", "Oxfam, others: West Africa facing worst food crisis in a decade", "Highlight 04 May 2022 | United Nations Secretary-General", "Chad declares food emergency as grain supplies fall", "Northern Kenya faces hunger crisis as drought wipes out livestock", "Kenya: Cash transfers bring relief and goats to drought-hit pastoralists | World Food Programme", "Yemen hunger crisis: $4.3bn needed, says UN", "As U.S. [156] China has maintained its food stockpiles at a "historically high level", contributing to higher global food prices. After some signs of a slow and cautious return to pre-pandemic normalcy last year, 2022 is looking remarkably like fall 2020and that means supply issues at grocery stores. [28] In February, the World Food Programme (WFP) and UNICEF had already projected nutrition and hunger gaps for thirteen million people in East Africa. [57][58] The Biden administration froze about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank, blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts. [170], On 29 October 2022, Russia suspends participation in grain initiative. In 2021 over 5 billion kiwifruits were picked, but weather and a lack of labor have officials expecting fewer, so don't be alarmed if the produce section has a scarce selection. [171] However, vessel traffic will resume on November 3. [147] Drought made 28% of the agricultural territory of Brazil "no longer climatically optimal"[113], A severe flood in New South Wales during February 2022 caused the complete destruction of soy and rice crops and 36% of macadamia nut production. Andrew Tobisch, a spokesperson for Schreiber Foods, saidevery cream cheese provider has struggled to keep up with demand. Authorities responded by declaring riot control action[35] and blocking internet access. The company told USA TODAY that it has beenseeing double-digit growth for the first time in five years. WHO and the U.N. said that food shortages will be coming soon. Heaven Scent Bakery in O'Fallon, Missouri, announced Sunday it would be closing its doors after 27 years in business. The consumer price index jumped 7% last year, the fastest pace since 1982, the Labor Department said Wednesday. Bloomberg reports that cases have tripled among the staff of SpartanNash, a major grocery chain and supplier in the Midwest, over the last few weeks, with about 1 percent of its 18,000 employees. This could result in shortages of TP or, at the very least, price spikes. Here are some products to look for during your next grocery run. "All food prices are now predicted to increase," the USDA's Food Prices Outlook for 2022 March report said. The high demand has resulted in larger purchases. The Impact of the War in Ukraine on Food Security | World Bank Expert Answers. [144][145][146][147] The heatwave further exacerbated an already dry season in much of the region. [101] The head of the World Food Programme, David Beasley, warned in March that the war in Ukraine could take the global food crisis to "levels beyond anything we've seen before". [7] The war further increased year-over-year prices another 40% in March. If youre hoping to stay out of grocery stores for safety reasons, these stores offer delivery and pickup. The weekly food shop is becoming increasingly problematic in 2023. Weather-related events, from snowstorms in the Northeast to wildfires in Colorado, also have impacted product availability and caused some shoppers to stock up more than usual, exacerbating supply problems caused by the pandemic. World wheat prices fell in January for a third consecutive month; international coarse grain prices remained mostly unchanged; and international rice prices rose at an accelerated pace in January 2023. The weather hasn't been kind across the western part of the country either, and specifically in California, tomato plants have taken a devastating hit. [8] The compounding issues, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine, as well as climate-related crop failures, are expected to reverse global trends in reducing hunger and malnutrition. [113], The effects of climate change on agriculture can result in lower crop yields and nutritional quality due to drought, heat waves and flooding as well as increases in pests and plant diseases. All Rights Reserved. Even with this updated information, it may still be a good idea to grab your Hershey favorites such as Reese's, Twizzlers, and Heath bars a little early this year. According to Business Insider, nearly half of Americans in a survey reported seeing a shortage of meat and eggs in the beginning of 2022. The heads of the FAO, IMF, World Bank Group, WFP, and WTO released a Third Joint Statement on February 8, 2023. The chief agricultural economist for Wells Fargo stated that Ukraine will likely be severely limited in their ability to plant crops in spring 2022 and lose an agricultural year, while an embargo on Russian crops would create more inflation of food prices. A new Carl's Drive-In restaurant and an entertainment center with go-karts, a carousel and more will be presented at the Oct. 6 zoning meeting. This time the food shortages are scattered throughout the store, so shoppers hoping to get their hands on specific products may find its not that easy right now. [113], Droughts in Spain and Portugal during early 2022 led to 60-80% loss predictions for crops in some areas. Overall, inflation in March rose 8.5% from a year ago the . The candy manufacturer explained that the war in Ukraine has made raw ingredients such as edible oil and cocoa harder to come by, and at the same time, it has faced astonishing demand over the past year. [86] Bread and meat prices increased as well as those of food in general. In December,the Kraft brandoffered consumers helppaying for a replacement dessert,acknowledging the ongoing supply chain disruption of the key cheesecake ingredient. Hummus lovers may want to stock up on the protein-packed dip sooner rather than later. Daniels says that meat and poultry are in short supply in many supermarkets. Grocery stores certainly are aware of the empty shelves, Lempert said, and they are trying to mitigate. Get the best food tips and diet day, 2022 Galvanized Media. Demand has been very, very high, Denis says. CO2 supplies have reportedly been unstable for years due to supply chain issues sparked by the pandemic. The production of crops in the Midwest declined by 20% in this period. One way to prepare for potential shortages of food items youve grown to depend on is to buy a little extra now in case the items aren't available later on. After the examination of numerous Midwest corn fields as part of the Pro Farmer Crop Tour, scouts found an overwhelming amount of crops in less-than-ideal condition following a season of pest infestations, high heat, and little rainfall. We can't imagine a more horrible thing! [78][79][80], Starting Feb. 21st, 2023, Supermarkets in the United Kingdom, such as Asda, Morrisons and Tesco, began rationing fruit and vegetables, citing poor harvests in Spain and North Africa, and a domestic farming crisis. RELATED: Walmart Is Pulling This Frozen Item Off the Shelves Across the Country. The statement calls to prevent a worsening of the food and nutrition security crisis, further urgent actions are required to (i) rescue hunger hotspots, (ii) facilitate trade, improve the functioning of markets, and enhance the role of the private sector, and (iii) reform and repurpose harmful subsidies with careful targeting and efficiency. Coupled with a ban on exports by India, which was enacted to protect its food security, were seeing rising prices when it comes to wheat along with a possible shortage. Kenyan chapati makers are shrinking the size of her dough balls to make ends meet. Sep. 21 2022, Published 3:05 p.m. [54], International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasted Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Bangladesh to rise to 5.9% by the year 2022. } ); Patrick Penfield, professor of supply chain practice at Syracuse Universitys Whitman School of Management, recently told USA TODAY that cream cheese and international foods were among the food products in short supply. [134] Fruit crops in most of Europe were damaged by a cold wave that caused freezing rain, frost, and snow during early budding, after a period of unseasonably early warm weather. It's very, very serious. Aid often cannot effectively reach the population because of the blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia which started in 2015. Other supermarkets are yet to introduce rationing, but grocery. Between April to December 2022, the Banks food and nutrition security commitments in new lending have passed the $12 billion mark with almost half for Africa, which is one of the hardest hit regions by the food crisis. At the start of 2022, the rouble traded at around 75 to the dollar, before slumping to 120/$1 . It might be time to switch to vegetarian dinners (sans the eggs) for a while to combat this food shortage. 8. The world has grown somewhat accustomed to shortages of certain food items and other products since the COVID-19 pandemic began. Here are some of the reasons why By Joe Hernandez - NPR - January 12, 2022 The milk shelf is mostly empty at a Giant grocery store on Tuesday in. 2022, 9:53am EST . [8] The supply chain crisis was also one factor in infant formula shortages in the US. Salt water intrusion is expected to greatly reduce the viability of crop production in areas near the delta. Pet Food Focuses on Ukraine, Yemen Starves", "Yemen facing 'outright catastrophe' over rising hunger, warn UN humanitarians", "Bangladesh in economic turmoil over soaring commodity prices", "China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan", "Afghanistan Facing Famine: UN, World Bank, US Should Adjust Sanctions, Economic Policies", "Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation", "Afghanistan's Hungry Will Pay the Price for Putin's War", "UN: Afghans need $4.4bn to have enough to eat", "Afghanistan: UN experts call on US Government to unblock foreign assets of central bank to ease humanitarian impact", "Explained: How heatwave might thwart India's dream to feed the world", "Severe Indian heatwave will bake a billion people and damage crops", "Explainer: What India's U-turn on wheat exports means for world", "Inside India's policy flip-flop on wheat exports", "Indonesia bans palm oil exports as global food inflation spikes", "Sri Lankans running out of food, fuel and medicine", "Sri Lanka PM Mahinda Rajapaksa resigns as crisis worsens", "Sri Lanka faces 'man-made' food crisis as farmers stop planting", "Sri Lanka appeals for food aid as debt crisis worsens", "Energy crisis today fertiliser and food crisis tomorrow? The Russian invasion of Ukraine resulted in a drop in production, as both countries are key suppliers of chickpeas for the world. 2022 saw a rapid increase in food prices and shortages of food supplies around the world. Grocery price inflation rose to 17.1% in the four weeks to 19 February, the highest level ever recorded by Kantar. The American government suspended imports of Mexican avocados earlier this year after a U.S plant safety inspector based in Mexico received a threat. Albertsons' CEO Vivek Sankaran spoke about supply chain challenges during the company's earnings call with analysts Tuesday. ", "Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries", "What Europe's Drought Means for the Price of Meat and Milk", "Europe's driest summer in 500 years threatens crops, energy production", "Supermarkets begin rationing fruit and vegetables", "U.K. grocery stores ration fruit, vegetables as shelves go empty", "Supermarket shoppers face paying 811 more in stores as grocery inflation hits 17.1%", "Catastrophic hunger levels recorded for the first time in Haiti", "El IPC registra en marzo la mayor alza en casi 30 aos empujado por avance en precios de alimentos", "La violenta alza de los alimentos en los supermercados: algunos productos subieron hasta 90% en un ao", "Chile announces $3.7 billion recovery plan to aid struggling economy", "Aceite, harina y arroz! Workers' protests in Iran increased in Iran over the past year as the result of a deterioration in living conditions caused by the re-imposition of US sanctions against Iran during the Trump administration, and the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. These weather events, which have been connected with climate change, made the food system less resilient to shocks like the war in Ukraine. But TASS news agency quoted Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov, who dismissed such a idea, as saying are people and ammonia the same thing?. We appreciate your patience as we navigate this dynamic situation, Enfamil said on Twitter Dec. 29 in responding to one parents plea for help. The shortages have also made buying food increasingly more expensive going into 2022. Drizly,North America'slargest alcohol e-commerce and on-demand delivery platform, surveyed 500 alcohol retailers and found 80% said they were at least slightly concerned about the champagne supply running short. With nearly 2,000 stores across 36 states, ALDI is on track to become the third-largest grocery retailer by store count by the end of 2022. U.S. groceries typically have 5% to 10% of their items out of stock at any given time; right now, that unavailability rate is hovering around 15%, according to Consumer Brands Association President and CEO Geoff Freeman. Published on September 21, 2022 | 9:50 AM. The El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is currently in the La Nia phase, but a transition to a neutral ENSO state is likely, with a 73% chance of ENSO-neutral conditions from February through April.