D) The rock contains broken fragments and is volcanic in origin. Xenoliths are rock fragments broken from the magma chamber or conduit walls. Norman Levi Bowen, born in Kingston Ontario, studied geology at Queens University and then at MIT in Boston. B. basalt 4. mafic obsidian. B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. Explanation: Advertisement D) Temperature of the environment - higher T = slower magma cooling. Examples of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that makes up the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. The process by which the same magma may produce different composition igneous rocks. B) crystal + lava B. 5. gabbro Flux MeltingFlux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. As a volcanos magma chamber experiences greater pressure, often due to more magma seeping into the chamber, the volcano may undergo an eruption. 5. pumice When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). Some pumice is so full of vesicles that the density of the rock drops low enough that it will float. = 45/20 Andesite and diorite likewise refer to extrusive and intrusive intermediate rocks (with dacite and granodiorite applying to those rocks with composition between felsic and intermediate). C) basalt; extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively high silica lava Stage 3, Instead of having to know HTML code, most Web sites will have templates that make creating Web rsums easy. Rhyolite is commonly pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts. 6. basalt This process is known as fractional crystallization. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. As a mafic magma starts to cool, some of the silica combines with iron and magnesium to make olivine. When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). C. the lower crust Stage 2 This section will focus on the common igneous bodies which are found in many places within the bedrock of Earth. Decompression melting also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rock that rise from Earths high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. Another is the native rock is melted and consumed into the rising magma or broken into pieces that settle into the magma, a process known as stoping. Common rock types within the intrusive category are granite and diorite. Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. Andesitic rocks are often found at continental volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). light colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky), What type of composition would result in a magma if equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma were mixed? C) the composition Some igneous rocks have a mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. For the rock to be called porphyritic there has to be a significant difference in crystal size, where the larger crystals are at least 10 times larger than the average size of the smaller crystals. Granite: Granite is the intrusive equivalent of rhyolite but has a coarser texture. Extrusive igneous rocks are _________, whereas intrusive igneous rocks are _________. An extreme version of scoria occurs when volatile-rich lava is very quickly quenched and becomes a meringue-like froth of glass called pumice. B. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. An extreme version of scoria occurs when volatile-rich lava is very quickly quenched and becomes a meringue-like froth of glass called pumice. B) When magma gets to the top of the volcano it releases gas found within the magma, and the lava that escapes the volcano has therefore lost those gases. Parts of a volcano. T As it cools further, much of the remaining silica goes into calcium-rich plagioclase, and any silica left may be used to convert some of the olivine to pyroxene. Ultramafic refers to the extremely mafic rocks composed of mostly olivine and some pyroxene which have even more magnesium and iron and even less silica. = 2 1/4. flowing rock above Earths surface, When your rsum is first reviewed, a potential employer looks at it for approximately _____. B. mineral grains are roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope or magnifying lens 4. pillow basalt, __________ composition lava is erupted at ocean ridges, whereas ____________ composition lava is erupted on continents. 3. phaneritic Komatiite is a rare rock because volcanic material that comes directly from the mantle is not common, although some examples can be found in ancient Archean rocks [2]. You cannot download interactives. The sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma is known as the Bowen reaction series (Figure 3.3.1 and Figure 3.3.3). Intermediate magma most commonly transforms into andesite due to the transfer of heat at convergent plate boundaries. Pegmatite is much coarser in grain size compared to most coarse-grained igneous rocks. B. higher values of this require greater temperatures for melting At about the point where pyroxene begins to crystallize, plagioclase feldspar also begins to crystallize. Tephra fragments are named based on sizeash (<2 mm), lapilli (2-64 mm), and bombs or blocks (>64 mm). B) gabbro In the discontinuous branch, olivine is typically the first mineral to form (at just below 1300C). What does it mean if a rock has a coarse texture? Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. C) The rock is crystalline, but mineral grains are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. C) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. Laccoliths bulge upwards; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a lopolith. Young, emerging subvolcanic intrusion cutting through older one, Xenolith (solid rock of high melting temperature which has been transported within the magma from deep below) or roof pendant (fragment of the roof of the magma chamber that has detached from the roof and sunk into the melt), Contact metamorphism in the country rock adjacent to the magma chamber (caused by the heat of the magma), Uplift at the surface due to laccolith emplacement in the near sub-ground, Active magma chamber (called pluton when cooled and entirely crystallized; a batholith is a large rock body composed of several plutonic intrusions), Old pegmatite (late-magmatic dyke formed by aggressive and highly mobile residual melts of a magma chamber). Chemical data for four rock samples are shown in the following table. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. Legal. Working mostly with basaltic magmas, he determined the order of crystallization of minerals as the temperature drops. Basalt is a fine-grained mafic igneous rock. C. granite Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. A) pyroclastic In a porphyritic texture, what is represented by the rock's "groundmass"? The rock that results from this is an igneous rock from the Latin word ignis, meaning "fire." False, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Charles C. Plummer, Diane Carlson, Lisa Hammersley. _________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt. D) komatiite A) andesitic All magmas contain gases dissolved in a solution called volatiles. Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. Rhyolite is commonly pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts. cooled rock with large crystals 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. C) intermediate - the intermediate range composition magma makes for strato volcanoes that are mostly passive erupting The process by which the same igneous rock may produce different magma compositions upon melting. Typical mafic rocks are gabbro (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive). -Sediments are solid fragments of inorganic or organic material that come from the weathering of rock and solid . Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. The rock then cools into new crust. G. high silica, low iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. Mafic describes a kind of igneous rock or even magma that is relatively high in magnesium and iron content; hence the word 'mafic' which is a combination of the words magnesium and ferric . Factors that cause an increase in Temperature, Pressure, and Chemical changes are the three agents that we are going to study. A magma consists mostly of liquid rock matter, but may contain crystals of various minerals, and may contain a gas phase that may be dissolved in the liquid or may be present as a separate gas phase. Rocks labeled as granite in laymen applications can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite. The most abundant elements are oxygen and silicon, followed by aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. Introduction to Igneous Rocks. The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. = 15 * 3/20 B) The glass is formed mostly when magma cools deep beneath the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. Why are thin sections of rocks used to study igneous rocks? In either of these situations, the magma that has moved toward the surface is likely to cool much faster than it did within the magma chamber, and the rest of the rock will have a finer crystalline texture. The large crystals are called phenocrysts and the fine-grained matrix is called the groundmass or matrix. C. Crystal settling may produce different melting conditions for a rock in different plate tectonic scenarios. B. heat expansion of the ions breaks apart the crystalline solid Condie) 11, 1144 (Elsevier, 1994). 6. andesite, Match the rock type with the appropriate description. Peacock, M. A. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. 7. obsidian, Which of the following is characteristic of pegmatites? C) rate of cooling The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered. 3. extrusive igneous rock A. both quartz and muscovite B) granodioritic This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases. Plutons can have irregular shapes, but can often be somewhat round. B. Olivine - pyroxene - amphibole - biotite What is magma? Added 2/10/2022 11:11:08 PM This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. 1. Coarse-grained textures generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground. They are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, shouldering them apart and squeezing between them. 2. porphyritic andesite A) the magma heats up and ions in crystals break their bonds due to expansion and Si and O ion vibration As the denser tectonic plate subducts, or sinks below, or the less-dense tectonic plate, hot rock from below can intrude into the cooler plate above. This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. 2. rhyolite A. Kilauea volcano, Hawaii The processes by which a diapir intrudes into the surrounding native or country rock are not well understood and are the subject of ongoing geological inquiry [3]. 1 minute seated magma in the magma chamber ascend s due to buoyancy or any tectonic activity and intrudes into the country rock (host rock) or it may come out at the surface and solidify. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. F) Both c. and d. E. All of these. Transfer of HeatMagma can also be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into Earths cold crust. They have textures or mineralogy different than the surrounding material, and so are generally easy to spot. C) the magma in the magma chamber before eruption Igneous rocks contain information about how they originate. G) All of these. C) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly, producing very small mineral grains. D. ions vibrate so much that the vibrating breaks some of the chemical bonds, What process (or processes) can aid in generating magma from solid rock? Which mineral would you expect to see as a, Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture? Are plutons assembled over. What is a likely reason for this phaneritic texture? Intrusive rocks, forming underground with larger, stronger crystals, are more likely to last. C) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow. B) mineral composition - Usually, there are several mineralsin the aggregate, though some rocks may have only one. The black colors are likely two or three different minerals. Magma Chamber In areas where temperature, pressure, and structural formation allow, magma can collect in magma chambers. Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks are intrusive bodies. Typical intermediate rocks are diorite and andesite. Rhyolite refers to the volcanic and felsic igneous rocks and granite refer to intrusive and felsic igneous rocks. D) chemical composition of the magma or lava. F. lower silica, high iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture a. [Hint] C. the introduction of volatiles (e.g., water) A. crystal settling Why? D. all of the above. D. gabbro B) glassy Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. C. assimilation National Geographic News: Yellowstone Has Bulged as Magma Pocket Swells, Tulane University: Volcanoes, Magma, and Volcanic Eruptions, National Science Foundation: Magma in Earth's Mantle Forms Deeper Than Once Thought, San Diego State University: How Volcanoes Work. Indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow, settle back to and! Most coarse-grained igneous rocks are less mobile, it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly, many. Different composition igneous rocks Usually, there are several mineralsin the aggregate, though some rocks may only... Cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains, but mineral grains are too small to be with... Composition igneous rocks the magma or lava than the surrounding material, structural! Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks 501 ( c ) extrusive... 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